Preface 9

Abstracts 13

Chapter 1 — Capturing and dissecting the complexity of production and dissemination of conspiracy theories, hate-based rhetoric, and mis- and disinformation online 23
Ardian Shajkovci, Ramón Ruti, Asli Altinbay, Matteo Gregori, Amanda Garry & Allison Mcdowell-Smith

Chapter 2 — The twilight zone: case studies in misinformation & mass media 53
Alyssa M. Brumis

Chapter 3 — When communication meets international relations perspectives: understanding disinformation in a multicentric political environment 87
Alessandra Massa & Giuseppe Anzera

Chapter 4 — Fake news, post-truth, and journalism: weaknesses and strategies in 2018 brazilian elections 115
Luísa Guimarães Torre

Chapter 5 — Opinion-oriented news as a source of polarized disinformation on the EU: a case study analysis during the 2019 EP elections 151
Rubén Rivas-De-Roca & Mar García Gordillo

Chapter 6 — Lies are all around but who are the liars? Addressing online disinformation platforms in the Czech Republic and Slovakia 171
Ján Hacek & Lucia Virostková

Chapter 7 — Technologies and fact-checking: a sociotechnical mapping 193
Oscar Westlund, Rebekah Larsen, Lucas Graves, Lasha Kavtaradze & Steen Steensen

Chapter 8 — The role of fact-checking in fighting the ‘infodemic’ of disinformation on Covid-19: a case study of Polígrafo 237
Marina Ferreira & Inês Amaral

Chapter 9 — Framing Covid-19: how fact-checking circulate on the Facebook far-right 265
Raquel Recuero, Taiane Volcan, Felipe Soares, Otávio Vinhas & Luiz Ricardo Huttner

Authors 289